Weight loss and mortality in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the first reported cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, people living with HIV (PLHIV) suffered weight loss, which was an independent predictor of mortality. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed this scenario for ideal weight, overweight, and even obesity. However, some PLHIV, even on HAART, continue to lose weight. Thus, the guiding question of the study was: do PLHIV hospitalized using HAART with weight loss have higher mortality than hospitalized PLHIV using HAART without weight loss? METHOD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, searched in the MedLine, Embase, and LILACS databases from March 2020, until October 2023, reported by MOOSE. We analyzed the methodological quality and risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool for Cohort Studies; used the risk ratio (RR) to calculate the probability of hospitalized PLWH who lost weight dying, applied the random effect model and created the funnel plot. We used the inverse variance test estimated by the Mantel-Haenszel method, considering a 95% confidence interval (CI), heterogeneity (I2), total effect size (Z), and significance value of p < 0.05. We performed a sensitivity analysis with meta-regression and meta-analyses on subgroups to diagnose influence and outliers. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendation were analyzed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system (GRADE). RESULTS: We included 10 of the 711 studies identified, totaling 1,637 PLHIV. The studies were from South Africa (1), Canada (1), China (1), Brazil (1), Cameroon (1), Ethiopia (1), Thailand (1), Colombia (1), and Tanzania (2), from 1996 to 2017. The average age of the participants was 33.1 years old, and the male was predominant. The leading causes of hospital admission were related to co-infections, and the average hospitalization time was 20.5 days. The prevalence of death in hospitalized PLHIV using HAART who lost weight was 57.5%, with a 1.5 higher risk of dying (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.19, p = 0.04) than hospitalized PLHIV who did not lose weight. CONCLUSION: We concluded, with a very low confidence level, that that weight loss significantly increased the risk of death in hospitalized PLWH using HAART. TRIAL REGISTRATION AND FUNDING: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020191246 https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020191246 .

Usability of Telehealth Systems for Noncommunicable Diseases in Primary Care From the COVID-19 Pandemic Onward: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth was expanded without the opportunity to extensively evaluate the adopted technology's usability. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to synthesize evidence on health professionals' perceptions regarding the usability of telehealth systems in the primary care of individuals with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs; hypertension and diabetes) from the COVID-19 pandemic onward. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective observational studies, and studies that used qualitative data collection and analysis methods published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese from March 2020 onward. The databases queried were MEDLINE, Embase, BIREME, IEEE Xplore, BVS, Google Scholar, and grey literature. Studies involving health professionals who used telehealth systems in primary care and managed patients with NCDs from the COVID-19 pandemic onward were considered eligible. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed. Data were extracted to provide a narrative qualitative evidence synthesis of the included articles. The risk of bias and methodological quality of the included studies were analyzed. The primary outcome was the usability of telehealth systems, while the secondary outcomes were satisfaction and the contexts in which the telehealth system was used. RESULTS: We included 11 of 417 retrieved studies, which had data from 248 health care professionals. These health care professionals were mostly doctors and nurses with prior experience in telehealth in high- and middle-income countries. Overall, 9 studies (82%) were qualitative studies and 2 (18%) were quasiexperimental or multisite trial studies. Moreover, 7 studies (64%) addressed diabetes, 1 (9%) addressed diabetes and hypertension, and 3 (27%) addressed chronic diseases. Most studies used a survey to assess usability. With a moderate confidence level, we concluded that health professionals considered the usability of telehealth systems to be good and felt comfortable and satisfied. Patients felt satisfied using telehealth. The most important predictor for using digital health technologies was ease of use. The main barriers were technological challenges, connectivity issues, low computer literacy, inability to perform complete physical examination, and lack of training. Although the usability of telehealth systems was considered good, there is a need for research that investigates factors that may influence the perceptions of telehealth usability, such as differences between private and public services; differences in the level of experience of professionals, including professional experience and experience with digital tools; and differences in gender, age groups, occupations, and settings. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has generated incredible demand for virtual care. Professionals' favorable perceptions of the usability of telehealth indicate that it can facilitate access to quality care. Although there are still challenges to telehealth, more than infrastructure challenges, the most reported challenges were related to empowering people for digital health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42021296887; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=296887. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.21801/ppcrj.2022.82.6.

Capacidade funcional de indivíduos com doenças crônicas / Functional capacity of individuals with chronic diseases

Introdução: As doenças crônicas são condições complexas de saúde associadas a sintomas variados, que aumentam a propensão a exacerbações, redução da capacidade funcional e piora da qualidade de vida (QV). Assim, restabelecer a capacidade funcional pode ser um importante alvo terapêutico, reduzindo a morbidade e a mortalidade. Para tal, torna-se necessária a monitorização dessa importante variável. Objetivo: Investigar a capacidade funcional de indivíduos com doenças crônicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal de amostra por conveniência com indivíduos adultos com doenças crônicas, o qual analisou o nível de capacidade funcional utilizando o Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos (TC6M) e o teste de sentar e levantar. A capacidade cardiorrespiratória por meio do questionário Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) e dispneia pelo Medical Research Council (MRC). Para avaliar o impacto da doença na vida do indivíduo, foi analisada a qualidade de vida (QV) pelo Questionário do Hospital Saint George na Doença Respiratória (SGRQ), o Questionário STOP-BANG para a detecção do risco de Síndrome Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) e para a avaliação da Sonolência Excessiva Diurna (SES) foi utilizado o questionário de Epworth. Os dados foram analisados no programa estatístico SigmaPlot versão 11.0 (Systat Software). Resultados: Foram estudados 77 indivíduos com doenças crônicas, sendo o principal diagnóstico a DPOC. A maior parte apresentou dispneia grau 2, aproximadamente 39% Sonolência Diurna e, aproximadamente, 25% alto risco de SAOS. A QV foi reduzida em todos os domínios, principalmente no domínio que analisou o impacto da doença na vida. A capacidade cardiorrespiratória foi baixa. A distância percorrida média no TC6m correspondeu a 72,72% do valor predito, demonstrando baixa capacidade funcional. Conclusão: Os indivíduos, com doenças crônicas, estudados apresentaram condições de saúde comprometidas de maneira multidimensional, com redução da capacidade funcional. Houve redução da qualidade de vida e da qualidade de sono, com a presença de distúrbio do sono em uma parcela significativa, além da presença de uma variedade de condições que repercutiram negativamente na sua vida. (AU)

Immunologic biomarkers, morbidity and mortality among HIV patients hospitalised in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: The irregular use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and late diagnosis still account for a large part of HIV-associated mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Herein, we describe HIV-associated morbidity among hospitalised HIV/AIDS patients with advanced immunosuppression and assess the comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and immunological markers associated with mortality. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) in Manaus, Brazil. In all, 83 participants aged between 12 and 70 years were enrolled by convenience within 72 h of their hospitalisation. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records. We prospectively measured the cytokines Th1/Th2/Th17 and inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1ß, and IL-12 using cytometric bead array, and the soluble CD14 using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The HIV/AIDS inpatients presented a scenario of respiratory syndromes as the most prevalent comorbidity. Almost all patients had CD4 T counts below 350 cells/mL and the mortality rate was 20.5%. Pulmonary tuberculosis, neurotoxoplasmosis and oropharyngeal-esophageal candidiasis were the most prevalent opportunistic infections. TB and weight loss were more prevalent in HIV/AIDS inpatients who died. The Mann Whitney analysis showed that those who died had higher platelet distribution width (PDW) on admission, which is suggestive for platelet activation. The Poisson multivariate analysis showed the prevalence of TB, digestive syndrome and increases in IL-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) associated to death. CONCLUSIONS: The advanced immunosuppression characterized by the opportunistic infections presented in these HIV/AIDS inpatients was the major factor of mortality. The role of platelet activation in worse outcomes of hospitalisation and the IL-8 associated with the context of advanced immunosuppression may be promising markers in the prediction of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients.

Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA): factors associated with work in adolescence. / Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA): fatores associados ao trabalho na adolescência.

This study aimed to verify the association between work and sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adolescents. Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were analyzed, with a sample of 37,815 adolescents aged 12-17 years and morning shift students. Considering complex sampling, crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) were calculated with interval estimates for variables by Poisson multiple regression model with robust variance estimate. The sociodemographic factors associated with work among Brazilian adolescents were male gender (PR 1.34), aged 15-17 years, with maternal schooling up to elementary school (PR 1.26), public school students (PR 1.63), and from the rural area (PR 1.90). Regarding lifestyle habits and social behavior, the association was significant in physically active (PR 1.19) and alcohol-consuming students (PR 1.35). In conclusion, work among Brazilian adolescent morning shift students is still strongly linked to social issues. Work was associated with alcohol consumption, and there was no association with metabolic markers.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associação entre trabalho e fatores sociodemográficos, de condutas de saúde e de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes brasileiros. Foram analisados dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), com amostra constituída de 37.815 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, estudantes do turno matutino. Considerando a amostragem complexa, foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas com estimativas intervalares para as variáveis usando modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância. Os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros foram: sexo masculino (RP 1,34), idade entre 15 e 17 anos (RP 1,68), escolaridade materna até o fundamental (RP 1,26), de escola pública (RP 1,63) e da zona rural (RP 1,90). Em relação a hábitos de vida e comportamento social, a associação foi significativa em alunos ativos fisicamente (RP 1,19) e que consumiam álcool (RP 1,35). Em conclusão, o trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros estudantes do turno matutino ainda está ligado fortemente às questões sociais. O trabalho foi associado ao consumo de álcool e não houve associação com marcadores metabólicos.

Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA): fatores associados ao trabalho na adolescência / Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA): factors associated with work in adolescence

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associação entre trabalho e fatores sociodemográficos, de condutas de saúde e de risco cardiovasculares em adolescentes brasileiros. Foram analisados dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), com amostra constituída de 37.815 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, estudantes do turno matutino. Considerando a amostragem complexa, foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalências (RP) brutas e ajustadas com estimativas intervalares para as variáveis usando modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância. Os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros foram: sexo masculino (RP 1,34), idade entre 15 e 17 anos (RP 1,68), escolaridade materna até o fundamental (RP 1,26), de escola pública (RP 1,63) e da zona rural (RP 1,90). Em relação a hábitos de vida e comportamento social, a associação foi significativa em alunos ativos fisicamente (RP 1,19) e que consumiam álcool (RP 1,35). Em conclusão, o trabalho entre adolescentes brasileiros estudantes do turno matutino ainda está ligado fortemente às questões sociais. O trabalho foi associado ao consumo de álcool e não houve associação com marcadores metabólicos.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the association between work and sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and cardiovascular risk in Brazilian adolescents. Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were analyzed, with a sample of 37,815 adolescents aged 12-17 years and morning shift students. Considering complex sampling, crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) were calculated with interval estimates for variables by Poisson multiple regression model with robust variance estimate. The sociodemographic factors associated with work among Brazilian adolescents were male gender (PR 1.34), aged 15-17 years, with maternal schooling up to elementary school (PR 1.26), public school students (PR 1.63), and from the rural area (PR 1.90). Regarding lifestyle habits and social behavior, the association was significant in physically active (PR 1.19) and alcohol-consuming students (PR 1.35). In conclusion, work among Brazilian adolescent morning shift students is still strongly linked to social issues. Work was associated with alcohol consumption, and there was no association with metabolic markers.

Pressões respiratórias máximas em indivíduos obesos antes e após cirurgia bariátrica / Maximum respiratory pressure in obese individuals before and after bariatric surgery

A obesidade é uma doença crônica e multifatorial que leva a alterações sistêmicas e é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. Entre as alterações respiratórias decorrentes da obesidade se discute como o ganho de peso ou a perda deste pode interferir nas pressões respiratórias máximas (PRM), não existindo consenso na literatura. Objetivo: Analisar o poder preditivo das equações de referência para PMR em obesos antes e após perda de peso. Métodos: Estudo transversal no qual foram incluídos vinte pacientes obesos dos Programas de Cirurgia Bariátrica de hospitais de referência em Manaus/Amazonas, que tiveram as PRM avaliadas por meio de manuvacuometria antes e aproximadamente um ano e meio após a cirurgia bariátrica. Resultados: O peso médio diminuiu de 138,5 ± 21,7 kg para 82,7 ± 8,2 kg após a cirurgia. As PRM foram supranormais antes da cirurgia e reduzidas após a cirurgia. Entre as equações analisadas, apenas as propostas por Sanchez et al. foram capazes de predizer os valores medidos. Conclusão: As PRM foram aumentadas nos obesos mórbidos avaliados e reduzidas após a cirurgia. As equações mais utilizadas na prática clínica brasileira parecem não ser capazes de predizer valores de PRM nessa população, sendo as mais adequadas as propostas por Sanchez et al. (AU)

Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease and is considered a global public health problem. Among the respiratory changes due to obesity, weight gain or loss of body weight can interfere with maximal respiratory pressures, and there is no consensus in the literature. Objective: To analyze the predictive power of the reference equations for maximal respiratory pressures in obese before and after weight loss. Methods: A crosssectional study was carried out in which 20 obese patients were included in the Bariatric Surgery Programs of reference hospitals in Manaus/Amazonas. The maximal respiratory pressures were assessed by manuvacuometry before and approximately one year after bariatric surgery. Results: The mean weight decreased from 138.5 ± 21.7 kg to 82.7 ± 8.2 kg after surgery. The maximal respiratory pressures were supranormal before surgery and reduced after surgery. Among the analyzed equations, only those proposed by Sanchez et al. were able to predict the measured values. Conclusion: The maximal respiratory pressures were increased in the morbidly obese evaluated and reduced after the surgery. The most used equations in Brazilian clinical practice seem not to be able to predict maximal respiratory pressures values in this population, being the most adequate those proposed by Sanchez et al. (AU)

Avaliação de crianças atendidas em follow-up: perfil epidemiológico e motor / Evaluation of children at follow-up: epidemiological and motor profile

Introdução: Crianças prematuras tendem a apresentar atrasos no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor devido à imaturidade e à propensão de lesões no sistema nervoso central. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e motor de crianças atendidas no follow-up da Maternidade Balbina Mestrinho (MBM) em Manaus/AM, verificando a associação entre diferentes fatores socioambientais e clínicos com o desenvolvimento motor (DM). Métodos: Foram avaliadas 25 crianças acompanhadas no follow-up da MBM, por meio da Escala Motora Infantil de Alberta e aplicação de questionário estruturado contendo dados clínicos e epidemiológicos. Resultados: Foi detectado que todas as crianças eram prematuras e 44% apresentaram atipicidade no DM, relacionada principalmente a idade corrigida (p=0,015) e ao grau de escolaridade materna ( p=0,019). Conclusão: O elevado índice de atipicidade no DM pode estar associado ao perfil amostral, cuja prematuridade infere em fragilidade de seus sistemas. Assim, sugere-se que maiores investigações sejam realizadas, a fim de relacionar outros fatores com o DM.

Introduction: Premature children tend to have neuropsychomotor development delays due to immature and propensity of lesions in the central nervous system. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and motor profile of children attended in the follow-up of Maternity Hospital Balbina Mestrinho in Manaus/AM, identifying possible motor development delays and correlating them with risk factors. Methods: 25 premature child were evaluated through the Alberta Infant Motor Scale and a structured questionnaire was used with clinical and epidemiological data from the child and parentes. Results: It was detected that 44% of the children presented atipical motor development, related to age corrected (p=0,015) and the degree of maternal schooling (p=0,019). Conclusion: The high index in atypical motor development can be associated whit the sample profile, whose the prematurity infers in the fragility of its systems. Thus, it is suggested that further investigations be performed in order to relate other factors to motor development.

Determinação do risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens universitários / Determination of cardiovascular risk in young adults university students

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o risco cardiovascular em uma população de adultos jovens universitários que frequentam os cursos de Educação Física e Fisioterapia na Universidade Federal do Amazonas utilizando o Escore de Framingham e o Escore de Risco Global. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal onde foram avaliados 63 indivíduos de ambos os sexos com 20-30 anos. Os métodos de avaliação incluíram questionário, análise antropométrica e coleta sanguínea para realização dos exames bioquímicos. Para determinação do risco cardiovascular foram utilizados os escores de Framingham (ERF) e Risco Global (ERG) para uma idade modificada de 65 anos. As análises estatísticas foram descritivas (média, desvio-padrão, frequência simples e percentagem). O Teste t de Student foi aplicado para comparação entre grupos (p<0,05). O ERF identificou, entre o sexo masculino 23,53% com baixo risco e 76,47% com risco intermediário para desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular nos próximos 10 anos. Todas as mulheres apresentaram baixo risco. O ERG demonstrou que entre os homens, 94,12% apresentaram risco intermediário e 5,88% alto risco, e dentre as mulheres 63,04% estavam na faixa de baixo risco e 36,96% risco intermediário. Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de níveis intermediários no desenvolvimento de DCV na população de adultos jovens nos próximos 10 anos figurando-os como alvo imediato de ações preventivas.

The objective of this study was to determine the cardiovascular risk in a population of young university students attending the courses of Physical Education and Physiotherapy at the Federal University of Amazonas using the Framingham Score and the Global Risk Score. It is a cross-sectional observational study in which 63 individuals of both sexes with 20-30 years were evaluated. Methods of evaluation included questionnaire, anthropometric analysis and blood collection for biochemical tests. The Framingham (FRE) and Global Risk (GRE) scores for a modified age of 65 years were used to determine cardiovascular risk. Statistical analyzes were descriptive (mean, standard deviation, simple frequency and percentage). Student's t-test was applied for comparison between groups (p <0.05). The FRE identified 23.53% of men with low risk and 76.47% with intermediate risk for cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years. All women were at low risk. The GRE showed that among the men, 94.12% presented intermediate risk and 5.88% high risk, and among the women 63.04% were in the low risk range and 36.96% intermediate risk. The results demonstrate the occurrence of intermediate levels in the development of CVD in the population of young adults in the next 10 years, as an immediate target for preventive actions.

Polimorfismo do gene de receptor da leptina e a obesidade / Leptin receptor gene polymorphism and the obesity

Introdução: A obesidade consiste em um complexo conjunto de fatores comportamentais, ambientais e genéticos que se relacionam e se potencializam. Acredita-se que polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) possuam relação com a obesidade e que estejam hiperexpressos nesta condição. Objetivo: Revisar a relação da presença de polimorfismos no gene LEPR com a obesidade em crianças e adolescentes, buscando evidenciar condições e/ou fatores ambientais relacionados. Métodos: Trata-se de um artigo de atualização sobre o tema polimorfismo do LEPR e a associação com a obesidade. Resultados: Os dados levantados mostram a influência de polimorfismos do gene receptor de leptina (LEPR) com o desenvolvimento da obesidade, assim como fatores ambientais, tais como dieta hipercalórica na presença do polimorfismo, potencializam o desenvolvimento dessa condição clínica, resultando em aumento das medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas, na presença da mutação genética.

Introduction: Obesity consists of a complex set of behavioral, environmental and genetic factors that relate to and potentiate. It is believed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have relation with obesity and are hiperexpressos this condition. Objective: Review the relationship between the presence of polymorphisms in LEPR gene with obesity in children and adolescents, to disclosing conditions and / or related environmental factors. Methods: This is an update article on the topic LEPR polymorphism and the association with obesity. Results: The data collected show the influence of polymorphisms of the Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) with the development of obesity as well as environmental factors such as caloric diet in the presence of the polymorphism potentiate the development of this medical condition, resulting in increase of action anthropometric and biochemical in the presence of gene mutation.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-derived hydrogen peroxide effect in grafts used in human coronary bypass surgery.

Recently, H2O2 has been identified as the endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), which mediates flow-induced dilation in human coronary arteries. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is expressed in the cardiovascular system and, besides NO, generates H2O2 The role of nNOS-derived H2O2 in human vessels is so far unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the relevance of nNOS/H2O2 signaling in the human internal mammary artery (IMA) and saphenous vein (SV), the major conduits used in coronary artery bypass grafting. In the IMA, but not in the SV, ACh (acetylcholine)-induced vasodilatation was decreased by selective nNOS inhibition with TRIM or Inhibitor 1, and by catalase, which specifically decomposes H2O2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which generates H2O2 from superoxide, decreased the vasodilator effect of ACh on SV. In the IMA, SOD diminished phenylephrine-induced contraction in endothelium-containing, but not in endothelium-denuded vessels. Importantly, while exogenous H2O2 produced vasodilatation in IMA, it constricted SV. ACh increased H2O2 production in both sets of vessels. In the IMA, the increase in H2O2 was inhibited by catalase and nNOS blockade. In SV, H2O2 production was abolished by catalase and reduced by nNOS inhibition. Immunofluorescence experiments showed the presence of nNOS in the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells of both the IMA and SV. Together, our results clearly show that H2O2 induced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in the IMA, whereas, in the SV, H2O2 was a vasoconstrictor. Thus, H2O2 produced in the coronary circulation may contribute to the susceptibility to accelerated atherosclerosis and progressive failure of the SV used as autogenous graft in coronary bypass surgery.

Reabilitação pulmonar em indivíduos com fibrose pulmonar idiopática: qual a evidência? / Pulmonary rehabilitation in individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: what is the evidence?

Introdução: A fibrose pulmonar idiopática (FPI) é uma pneumonia intersticial idiopática crônica, progressiva, sem cura, com morte entre 3 meses a 4 anos após o diagnóstico. A qualidade de vida (QV) dos indivíduos com FPI é baixa, com muitos sintomas respiratórios. Têm-se demonstrado que a melhora da QV e dos sintomas pode ocorrer com a reabilitação pulmonar (RP). Contudo, existem poucos estudos nacionais sobre o assunto sendo esta conduta pouca realizada no Brasil. Objetivos: Investigar evidências científicas sobre a RP em indivíduos com FPI. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de estudos secundários: diretrizes, guidelines e revisões sistemáticas, em inglês e português, publicados entre 2000 e 2016 nas bases de dados: BVS, Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo Org. Os descritores e seus correlatos foram identificados no Medical Subject Headings e nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde. A questão PICO foi: P: indivíduo com FPI, I: reabilitação pulmonar, O: tempo livre de piora, dispneia, distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), QV, capacidade vital forçada (CVF) e sobrevida. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada através do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) e do Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR). O grau de recomendação e a sugestão da prática foram baseados no United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Resultados: Seis artigos foram incluídos com boa qualidade metodológica. A RP foi recomendada para a maioria dos indivíduos com FPI ­ grau de recomendação B. Conclusão: A RP foi capaz de melhorar positivamente a maioria dos desfechos analisados, devendo ser incluída no rol de condutas terapêuticas para indivíduos com FPI que desejarem realiza-la. (AU)

Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, uncured, with fatal issue in 3 months to 4 years after diagnosis. Quality of life (QOL) of patients with IPF is weak, with many respiratory symptoms. Improving QOL and symptoms can occur with pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). However, there are few national studies on the subject and this rehabilitation has little place in Brazil. Objectives: To investigate scientific evidence available on the RP in patients with IPF. Methods: Systematic review of secondary studies: policies, guidelines and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, published between 2000 and 2016 in the data bases: BVS, Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo Org. Descriptors and their specific correlates were identified in the Medical Subject Headings (MESH) and the Descriptors in Health Sciences (DECS). The question PICO was: P: individual with IPF, I: pulmonary rehabilitation, O: outcome: worsening of free time, dyspnea, distance walked in 6-minute walk test, oxygen saturation (SpO2), QOL, forced vital capacity (FVC) and survival. Methodological quality was assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR). The degree of recommendation and practical suggestions were based on the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Results: Six articles were included with good methodological quality. The RP is recommended for most individuals with IPF - degree of recommendation B. Conclusion: The RP was able to positively improve most of the outcomes and should be included in the list of therapeutic approaches for individuals with IPF who want to achieve it.(AU)

Aspiração endotraqueal de adultos intubados: evidências para boas práticas / Endotracheal suctioning of the adults intubated: evidence for best practice

Introdução: A aspiração endotraqueal é o procedimento invasivo mais realizado em indivíduos intubados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Contudo, existem poucos estudos nacionais de boa qualidade metodológica sobre o assunto, não havendo no Brasil consenso da literatura e/ou padronização da técnica. Objetivos: Estabelecer recomendações baseadas em evidências científicas sobre a aspiração endotraqueal em adultos intubados. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de estudos secundários: diretrizes, guidelines e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português, pesquisada nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Scielo Org, Scielo Brasil, PEDro, Clinical Evidence e Evidence Based Medicine. Resultados: Foram incluídos cinco artigos com classificação entre C e D pelo R-Amstar. Conclusão: A aspiração endotraqueal deve ser realizada em adultos intubados por pessoal qualificado, assepticamente, sempre que necessária. Não deve exceder 15 segundos por aspiração e nem ser realizada rotineiramente, e sim, na presença de secreções ­ grau de recomendação A. A sonda de aspiração deve ter um diâmetro menor que 50% do tubo endotraqueal e a hiperoxigenação com fração inspirada de oxigênio a 100% no ventilador deve ser utilizada ­ grau de recomendação A. A pressão de sucção não deve exceder 150 mmHg negativos ­ grau de recomendação B. É recomendada a aspiração subglótica, especialmente naqueles indivíduos com mais de 72 horas de ventilação mecânica invasiva ­ grau de recomendação A. (AU)

Introduction: Endotracheal aspiration is the most accomplished invasive procedure in intubated individuals in intensive care units. However, there are few national studies of good methodological quality on the subject, and there is no consensus in the literature and / or standardization of the technique. Aims: To establish recommendations based on scientific evidence on endotracheal aspiration in intubated adults. Methods: Systematic review of secondary studies: guidelines, guidelines and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, searched in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Scielo Org, Scielo Brazil, PEDro, Clinical Evidence and Evidence Based Medicine. Results: Five articles with classification between C and D by R-Amstar were included. Conclusion: Endotracheal aspiration should be performed in adults intubated by qualified personnel, aseptically, whenever necessary. It should not exceed 15 seconds per aspiration and should not be performed routinely, but in the presence of secretions - degree of recommendation A. The aspiration probe should have a diameter of less than 50% of the endotracheal tube and hyperoxigenation with inspired fraction of oxygen at 100% in the ventilator should be used - degree of recommendation A. The suction pressure should not exceed 150 mmHg negative - degree of recommendation B. Subglottic aspiration is recommended, especially in those individuals with more than 72 hours of invasive mechanical ventilation - degree of Recommendation A. (AU)

Endotracheal suctioning in intubated newborns: an integrative literature review.

Evidence-based practices search for the best available scientific evidence to support problem solving and decision making. Because of the complexity and amount of information related to health care, the results of methodologically sound scientific papers must be integrated by performing literature reviews. Although endotracheal suctioning is the most frequently performed invasive procedure in intubated newborns in neonatal intensive care units, few Brazilian studies of good methodological quality have examined this practice, and a national consensus or standardization of this technique is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review secondary studies on the subject to establish recommendations for endotracheal suctioning in intubated newborns and promote the adoption of best-practice concepts when conducting this procedure. An integrative literature review was performed, and the recommendations of this study are to only perform endotracheal suctioning in newborns when there are signs of tracheal secretions and to avoid routinely performing the procedure. In addition, endotracheal suctioning should be conducted by at least two people, the suctioning time should be less than 15 seconds, the negative suction pressure should be below 100 mmHg, and hyperoxygenation should not be used on a routine basis. If indicated, oxygenation is recommended with an inspired oxygen fraction value that is 10 to 20% greater than the value of the previous fraction, and it should be performed 30 to 60 seconds before, during and 1 minute after the procedure. Saline instillation should not be performed routinely, and the standards for invasive procedures must be respected.

Aspiração endotraqueal em recém-nascidos intubados: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Endotracheal suctioning in intubated newborns: an integrative literature review

RESUMOA prática baseada em evidências se baseia na busca da melhor evidência científica disponível para fundamentar a solução de um problema e a tomada de decisão. Devido à complexidade e à quantidade de informações na área da saúde, há necessidade de integração dos artigos científicos de boa qualidade metodológica disponíveis partindo da revisão da literatura. Mesmo a aspiração endotraqueal sendo o procedimento invasivo mais realizado em recém-nascidos intubados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, poucos são os estudos brasileiros de boa qualidade metodológica que fundamentam essa prática, não havendo consenso ou padronização da técnica nacionalmente. Em virtude do exposto, o objetivo do estudo foi revisar os estudos secundários sobre o assunto para estabelecer recomendações sobre a aspiração endotraqueal em recém-nascidos intubados, favorecendo a adoção do conceito de boas práticas na realização desse procedimento. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura. A recomendação deste estudo é de que a aspiração endotraqueal em recém- nascidos seja realizada apenas quando houver sinais de secreção traqueal, não devendo ser realizada rotineiramente; que seja realizada por, no mínimo, duas pessoas; que o tempo de aspiração seja inferior a 15 segundos e a pressão de sucção inferior a 100mmHg negativos; que a hiperoxigenação não seja utilizada de maneira rotineira. Se indicada, é recomendada a oxigenação com fração inspirada de oxigênio 10 - 20% maior que a anterior, 30 - 60 segundos antes, durante e 1 minuto após o procedimento. Não deve ser realizada a instilação de solução salina rotineiramente e as normas para procedimentos invasivos devem ser respeitadas.

ABSTRACTEvidence-based practices search for the best available scientific evidence to support problem solving and decision making. Because of the complexity and amount of information related to health care, the results of methodologically sound scientific papers must be integrated by performing literature reviews. Although endotracheal suctioning is the most frequently performed invasive procedure in intubated newborns in neonatal intensive care units, few Brazilian studies of good methodological quality have examined this practice, and a national consensus or standardization of this technique is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review secondary studies on the subject to establish recommendations for endotracheal suctioning in intubated newborns and promote the adoption of best-practice concepts when conducting this procedure. An integrative literature review was performed, and the recommendations of this study are to only perform endotracheal suctioning in newborns when there are signs of tracheal secretions and to avoid routinely performing the procedure. In addition, endotracheal suctioning should be conducted by at least two people, the suctioning time should be less than 15 seconds, the negative suction pressure should be below 100 mmHg, and hyperoxygenation should not be used on a routine basis. If indicated, oxygenation is recommended with an inspired oxygen fraction value that is 10 to 20% greater than the value of the previous fraction, and it should be performed 30 to 60 seconds before, during and 1 minute after the procedure. Saline instillation should not be performed routinely, and the standards for invasive procedures must be respected.